Abstract: With the continuous growth in energy demand, the stable operation of the thermal coal supply chain has become crucial for ensuring power supply. However, the thermal coal supply chain faces major challenges due to various factors including mismatches between resources and demand, natural disasters, green low-carbon requirements, demand fluctuations, and policy influences. Based on an improved gravity model, a four-level thermal coal supply chain network was constructed, and its scale-free and small-world characteristics were simulated and revealed. The impacts of low-carbon policy implementation, enterprise survival adaptability and enterprise scale on the robustness of the thermal coal supply chain network were analyzed, and the robustness performances of the thermal coal supply chain network under random interference and intentional interference were compared. The research results indicated that effective policy implementation, strong adaptability to enterprise survival, and an increase in the proportion of large-scale enterprises could significantly enhance the robustness of the thermal coal supply chain.