Abstract: As high-quality economic development and low-carbon transition advance steadily, international geopolitical conflicts intensify, and China-U.S. strategic competition escalates, the significance of energy security has been on a continuous rise. It has become a critical constraint on China's strategic goals and a key arena in international competition. This paper expands the concept of energy security in the new context, constructing an energy-security indicator evaluation system covering five dimensions: economy, politics, society, environment, and climate. Employing the entropy method, it assesses the energy-security levels of China’s 30 provincial-level administrative regions. Furthermore, it systematically analyzes their spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics, underlying driving mechanisms, and disparities in coordination levels using K-means clustering, kernel density estimation curves, and a coupling coordination model. The research findings are as follows: First, from a temporal perspective, China's energy security level has shown a steady upward trend; spatially, it presents a pattern of “higher in the west and lower in the east, higher in the north and lower in the south, ” with a gradual strengthening trend from west to east over time. Second, the overall improvement in energy security levels is mainly driven by the economic, social, and climate subsystems. Third, the key targets for energy security governance lie in the political, social, and climate dimensions in provinces with low energy security levels. Fourth, during the study period, the coordinated development level of provincial energy security systems continued to improve, with the overall coordination degree evolving from the “near-disharmony” stage to the “barely coordinated” stage.