Abstract: Based on the theory of new quality productive forces, the three new connotations of new quality productive forces in the coal industry were expounded in this paper, namely new technological ecology, new factor system, and new industrial system. Considering the changes in the industrial development situation, the main tasks for developing new quality productive forces in China’s coal industry in the new cycle were put forward. On the basis of handling the five major relationships, including the relationships between industrial functional positioning evolution and medium-to-long-term development planning, industrial investment and technological transformation, advanced development and transformation exit, supply-side structural reform and consumption-side transformation and upgrading, coal mining and multi-mineral or multi-energy coupling development, more efforts should be focused on the four major path tasks, which were to promote new factors and new models for industrial development by scientific and technological innovation, promote in-depth transformation and upgrading of the coal industry through green and low-carbon initiatives, build an adaptive new production relationship through deepened reform, and consolidate talent guarantees for new quality productive forces of coal through mechanism construction. The three new connotations, five major relationships, and four major path tasks together form the “354” theoretical framework system for new quality productive forces in the coal industry.