Abstract: Coal industry serves as the pillar industry of Shanxi’s economy and bears important strategic responsibilities for national energy security. Extensive open-air accumulation of coal gangue generated by long-term large-scale coal mining has caused prominent ecological and geological problems, restricting the green transformation of local coal sector. Underground backfilling of coal gangue realizes harmless disposal of solid waste and geological remediation of goafs simultaneously, which is a practical technical path for green and low-carbon upgrading of coal industry. Based on the actual development of Shanxi coal industry, functional adjustment of former Shanxi Provincial Department of Coal Industry and field practice of gangue backfilling pilot projects, this paper sorts out the evolution of relevant national and provincial governance policies, matches the latest special management regulations of coal gangue in Shanxi, summarizes achievements of cross-administrative coordination and existing practical obstacles. Optimized suggestions are put forward from policy refinement, technological upgrading, standard supervision and industrial chain development, so as to provide practical references for resource-based provinces to coordinate mineral exploitation and ecological restoration and boost green development of coal industry.